Research Article
High Sero Prevalence of the HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV 1+2 Co- infection Among the HIV Patients Who Are on HIV- 1 ART Treatment Regimen in Njombe and Dares Salaam, Tanzania: Retrospective Cross‑sectional Study
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
63-69
Received:
17 July 2025
Accepted:
4 August 2025
Published:
29 August 2025
Abstract: Background: HIV-1 and HIV-2 have globally known HIV types with 55% genetic differences that resulted in the difference in ART treatment outcomes. HIV-1 is worldwide spread compared to HIV-2 dominated partly in Europe, the USA, and west Africa. Current studies have shown the spread of HIV-2 to other countries due to immigration and social economic activities interactions Objective, This study was aimed to determine the Seroprevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV1+2 dual infection among the HIV patient on HIV -1 ART regimen treatment in Njombe and Dares salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to December 2021 at eight HIV Care and Treatment Centers. A total of 300 participants who were on HIV -1 ART regimen treatments from 2017 to 2019 were randomly selected and re-tested to determine HIV types SPSS version 26.0 was used for analysis whereby Percentages, Odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values of ≤0.001 were used for interpretation. Ethical clearance was sought from KNCHRE. All participants were provided with informed consent. Results: The mean age was 35.0 (SD ± 0.24) years. There was more female with HIV-1 110 (53.1%) compared to HIV-2 25 (56.8%) and dual infection. The general prevalence of HIV-1 was 69%, HIV- 2 was 15% and HIV-1+2 dual infections were 16%. In stratification by region, HIV-1 prevalence was high in Dares salaam 108(72%) compared to Njombe 99(66%) p=0.26 while the prevalence of HIV-2 was higher in Njombe 25(17%) compared to Dares Salaam 19(13%) p=0.33 and HIV 1+2 dual infection prevalence was high in Njombe 26(17%) compared in Dares -Salaam 23(15%) p=0.64. Conclusion: The study confirmed the presence of high prevalence of the HIV-2 and HIV 1+2 infections which were previously not found in Tanzania. Therefore, the urgent intervention on initiation of HIV-2 and HIV 1+2 dual infections ART regimen in Tanzania should be in place to reduce risks of poor clinical treatment outcomes of PLHIV with HIV-2 and HIV 1+2 infections.
Abstract: Background: HIV-1 and HIV-2 have globally known HIV types with 55% genetic differences that resulted in the difference in ART treatment outcomes. HIV-1 is worldwide spread compared to HIV-2 dominated partly in Europe, the USA, and west Africa. Current studies have shown the spread of HIV-2 to other countries due to immigration and social economic a...
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Research Article
The Role of Low Lactose Feeding for Preventing Childhood Malnutrition and Long-term Gut Damage Caused by Recurrent Diarrhoeal Disease
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, June 2025
Pages:
52-62
Received:
6 July 2025
Accepted:
18 July 2025
Published:
30 July 2025
Abstract: Even though it has decreased over the past three decades, diarrheal sickness continues to be a major global cause of death for children. There is a strong correlation between childhood rotavirus, diarrhea, climate factors, and malnutrition. On the other hand, a significant nutritional shift (lower levels of undernutrition) among children mal five has been documented in the last ten years, especially in developing nations like Bangladesh, where rotavirus infection has also been on the rise. Given the pathophysiology of rotavirus, there may be a link between the changing diet, the environment, and other artificial factors in urban areas such as Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the rise in rotavirus infections. Under-five malnutrition is still a major problem in Bangladesh, despite significant socioeconomic progress and ten years of initiatives to reduce it. Many research have been conducted in an attempt to identify the primary risk factors for malnutrition; however, none of these have looked into the importance of low birth weight (LBW) 36%. Bangladesh has seen a notable decline in the incidence of pediatric diarrhea deaths in recent decades. Over the past few decades, Bangladesh, a heavily populated country with limited resources, has managed to achieve a notable reduction in the death rate of pediatric diarrhea. Some of the obstacles that still need to be overcome in order to further lower the burden of disease and mortality brought on by diarrhea are enhancing hand hygiene practices, expanding zinc coverage for diarrhea treatment, and maintaining nutritional improvement. To increase intervention coverage and hasten the end of diarrheal mortality among children in Bangladesh, ongoing collaboration with non-governmental organizations and the private sector is necessary, as is the adoption of pluralistic health system platforms for the delivery of preventative and curative services.
Abstract: Even though it has decreased over the past three decades, diarrheal sickness continues to be a major global cause of death for children. There is a strong correlation between childhood rotavirus, diarrhea, climate factors, and malnutrition. On the other hand, a significant nutritional shift (lower levels of undernutrition) among children mal five h...
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Marry John Vianney
